.

1. Erik Erikson's theory of social development departs from Freud's in that Erikson's focuses on:

A)

the child's early interactions with parents.

B)

social drives as opposed to sexual and aggressive drives.

C)

the broad cultural context in which development occurs.

D)

both b. and c.

2.

Twenty-five-year-old Marjorie is unable to keep a long-term relationship because she is afraid of losing herself if she gets too close to another person. Erik Erikson would say that Marjorie is having a negative resolution of his ______ stage of social development.

A)

identity vs. identity confusion

B)

intimacy vs. isolation

C)

industry vs. inferiority

D)

basic trust vs. mistrust

3.

Which of the following questions does the cultural perspective beg psychologists to ask of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?

A)

Do the eight stages represent human universals of development?

B)

If Erikson had been raised in a non-Western, agrarian society, would he have come up with the same eight stages?

C)

Do his stages stem from traditions and practices that are specific to some cultures and not others?

D)

all of the above

4.

In Urie Bronfenbrenner's social ecology theory, a parent's attitudes toward the family's place of worship would be an example of the:

A)

immediate environment.

B)

interrelation among immediate environments.

C)

social context.

D)

cultural context.

5.

In one experimental condition, Harry Harlow raised young monkeys with two surrogate "mothers." One was made of wire and held a baby bottle that provided the young monkey with its only source of nourishment. The other was made of cloth and contained no source of nourishment. When young monkeys raised with both surrogates were frightened, they usually:

A)

clung to the wire surrogate.

B)

clung to the cloth surrogate.

C)

huddled in the corner, treating neither surrogate as a source of security.

D)

clung to one surrogate or the other, some preferring the wire surrogate and others the cloth surrogate as their source of security.

6.

Researchers who have investigated the processes of human attachment:

A)

believe that infants become primarily attached to caregivers in order to receive food.

B)

observe that attachment is strongest in children between birth and 6 months of age.

C)

find that attachment begins to weaken when infants begin to move around on their own.

D)

contend that it is manifested most strongly in situations that seem potentially frightening or threatening to the infant.

7.

Suppose that Jamie, who has just learned to crawl, and his mother visit his aunt for the first time. Jamie spends most of the visit sitting on his mother's lap. Toward the end of the visit, Jamie explores the room but frequently looks toward his mother--apparently to observe her reactions. The attention Jamie directs toward his mother is called:

A)

social referencing.

B)

indulgence.

C)

examination.

D)

interactional synchrony.

8.

The strange-situation test developed by Mary Ainsworth is used to assess:

A)

moral development.

B)

infant attachment.

C)

styles of discipline.

D)

gender segregation.

9.

When Jody's mother takes him to preschool, he clings to her and won't explore the toys. When she leaves for the day, he becomes extremely upset and remains upset even upon her return. According to Mary Ainsworth, Jody's behavior would be indicative of ______ attachment.

A)

secure

B)

avoidant

C)

anxious resistant

D)

withdrawal

10.

Which of the following caregiver behaviors shows the largest positive correlation with secure infant attachment?

A)

giving contact comfort only when the infant's cries indicate hunger or other physical discomfort

B)

waiting a consistent period of time before comforting the infant

C)

waiting a variable period of time before comforting the infant

D)

giving prompt comfort whenever the infant cries or shows other signs of distress

11.

A Dutch researcher, Dymphna van den Boom, performed a series of experiments designed to test Bowlby's and Ainsworth's hypotheses on the relationship between warm caregiver responses and secure attachment. In these studies, she focused on temperamentally ______ babies and found that the quality of caregiving ______ have an effect on their quality of attachment.

A)

easygoing; did

B)

easygoing; did not

C)

irritable; did

D)

irritable; did not

12.

It has been shown that individuals who were judged to be securely attached as infants in the strange-situation test are, on average, more sociable, more confident, better problem solvers, and emotionally healthier in later childhood than their peers who were judged to have been insecurely attached as infants. All of the following have been offered as possible explanations for this association except:

A)

the same temperament that predisposes secure attachment in infancy may also predispose children to successful social interactions and better emotional health in later childhood.

B)

adults who choose to allow their infants to participate in the strange-situation test may be better educated, and thus provide an environment supportive of successful social interaction and better emotional health.

C)

parents who are affectionate toward their infants generally remain so and it may be this later support that fosters successful social interaction and better emotional health.

D)

secure attachment in infancy may directly influence later development in a way that is beneficial to successful social interaction and better emotional health.

13.

Which of the following is an actual finding that suggests that co-sleeping may be beneficial to young children?

A)

Infant rhesus monkeys who were raised with soft, terry cloth surrogate mothers were better adjusted in adulthood that those raised with wire surrogate mothers.

B)

Children from U.S. military families in which the father was often away were much more likely to be diagnosed with behavioral or psychological problems if they slept regularly with their mothers.

C)

Adult Spanish women who reported having slept with their parents during their infancy and early childhood showed healthier and more mature personalities as assessed by a paper-and-pencil test.

D)

Infants who sleep alone are much more likely to develop attachments to inanimate objects such as teddy bears and blankets.

14.

A friend of yours who grew up in Guatemala is a mother of a 3-year-old. She shares with you her observation that young children in the United States are much more likely to be attached to a baby blanket or similar inanimate object than are young children in Guatemala. The best explanation you could offer her would be that children in the United States are:

A)

more likely than children from other culture to sleep alone.

B)

more likely to be spoiled by constant caregiver attention.

C)

less likely than children from other cultures to go to bed early.

D)

more likely than children from other cultures to go to bed early.

15.

Cross-cultural evidence from the !Kung has demonstrated that indulgence of infants, such as co-sleeping and offering immediate comfort during distress:

A)

leads to demanding and overdependent children.

B)

occurs only in nuclear families living in relative isolation.

C)

is negatively correlated with the number of adults who live communally with the infant.

D)

promotes the development of strong loyalties and feelings of obligation to a particular set of people.

16.

A researcher reported observing a 15-month-old boy trying to comfort a crying peer. First the boy brought his own teddy bear to the peer, and when that did not help, he brought from an adjacent room the distressed child's security blanket. Such behaviors clearly demonstrate the:

A)

existence of innate prosocial drives in humans.

B)

capacity for empathy in young children.

C)

self-centered nature of giving and helping in young children.

D)

importance of secure attachment in developing sympathy for other people.

17.

Martin Hoffman has suggested a valuable role for a type of guilt in human social interaction; he believes this type of guilt:

A)

is primarily negative and harmful, though necessary.

B)

emerges from a child's capacity for empathy coupled with an understanding of the relationship between their actions and another's feelings.

C)

promotes aggression and selfishness, at the expense of kindness.

D)

must be taught to young children through explicit examples and appropriate socialization.

18.

Three-year-old Aaron is overheard saying to himself "Mommy says no, no, we don't pull the cat on her tail" even though he is alone in the room. Aaron is restraining himself by using:

A)

social referencing.

B)

power assertion.

C)

socioemotional selectivity.

D)

rough-and-tumble play.

19.

Martin Hoffman disapproves of overusing the discipline method he labels ______, in part because he believes it ______.

A)

induction; focuses too much attention on rewards and punishments rather than on an understanding of right and wrong

B)

power assertion; may cause the child to behave well only when rewards are available or when punishment is likely

C)

induction; may cause the child to experience negative emotions such as anger or anxiety

D)

both a. and b.

20.

Martha has spent the afternoon throwing darts at her sister's favorite posters and has ruined them all. If Martha's mother were to say, "Martha, you are the most exasperating, cold-hearted child on the face of this earth!" she would be using the discipline technique of ______.

A)

power assertion

B)

love withdrawal

C)

induction

D)

both a. and b.

21.

Christina's mom is very involved in her life, has set definite rules for her behavior, and has open communication with her about these rules. As a result, Christina is very independent and socially responsible. According to Diana Baumrind, Christina's mom's style of parenting would be classified as:

A)

authoritarian.

B)

permissive.

C)

secure.

D)

authoritative.

22.

Diana Baumrind classed a large number of parents' discipline styles into authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive and assessed the emotional and behavioral qualities of their children. Baumrind found that the children of authoritative parents were, on average, the friendliest, most cooperative, and least likely to be disruptive. This study provided strong:

A)

correlational evidence for Hoffman's views favoring power assertion in child rearing.

B)

causal evidence for Hoffman's views favoring inductive discipline in child rearing.

C)

causal evidence for Hoffman's views favoring power assertion in child rearing.

D)

correlational evidence for Hoffman's views favoring inductive discipline in child rearing.

23.

In interpreting studies showing correlations between parental disciplinary styles and children's behavior, we should bear in mind that the correlations:

A)

are not only statistically significant but also quite high.

B)

prove that the parents' disciplinary style causes the child's behavioral style.

C)

could reflect the influence of the child's behavioral style on the parent's disciplinary style.

D)

both a. and b.

24.

Which of the following best represents Karl Groos's evolutionary explanation of play?

A)

Play evolved as a mechanism that allows children to escape mentally when their environment becomes overwhelming.

B)

An innate predisposition to play at (and thereby learn) adult skills evolved in mammals because of its survival value.

C)

From childhood to adulthood, people's activities evolve from fantasy-related play to reality-based play to work.

D)

Play among children is a vestigial behavior.

25.

Lev Vygotsky argued that children at play:

A)

are, in a sense, practicing self-discipline.

B)

choose to make rules only so that they can defy them.

C)

behave in a uniquely free and spontaneous manner.

D)

apply what they have learned but do not learn anything new.

26.

Cross-cultural research has shown that the degree to which boys and girls are treated differently by adults:

A)

is roughly the same across all cultures that have been studied.

B)

varies in accordance with the degree of difference in the culture's adult male and female roles.

C)

is greatest in monogamous cultures.

D)

is positively correlated with the degree of political and economic power that women possess within that culture.

27.

Gender identity is defined as the:

A)

recognition that one belongs to either the stereotypical male or stereotypical female roles of one's culture.

B)

entire set of differences attributed to males and females in any specific culture.

C)

biological bases for categorizing people as male or female.

D)

clear understanding of one's cultural stereotype of male and female roles.

28.

Six-year-old Sylvia prefers to play with boys. One of Sylvia's classmates, Rick, prefers to play with girls. Research suggests that:

A)

both Rick and Sylvia probably are ridiculed about equally for their preferences.

B)

both Rick and Sylvia are probably accepted by their peers regardless of their class-gender preferences.

C)

Rick is more likely than Sylvia to be evaluated negatively for his preferences.

D)

Sylvia is more likely than Rick to be evaluated negatively for her preferences.

29.

The "world of girls" has been characterized as consisting of:

A)

large, cooperative groups in which individuals attempt to prove superiority mainly by creating smaller alliances.

B)

small, intimate groups in which cooperative forms of play predominate and competition is more subtle.

C)

large, hierarchically organized groups in which individuals or coalitions attempt to prove superiority by competition and confrontation.

D)

age-mixed groups which tend to be less competitive than the age-segregated groups typically formed by boys.

30.

Which of the following is a reason why adolescence is longer today in our culture than in times past or in some other cultures?

A)

We have clearer rites of passage signaling the beginning and the end of adolescence than other cultures.

B)

The onset of puberty is much earlier in industrialized cultures such as ours due to more food intake and less disease.

C)

Acceptance of the beginning of adulthood by the self and others typically comes more quickly today in our culture than it did in the past.

D)

People begin careers and families much earlier in our culture than others.

31.

Studies of adolescent rebellion in North America consistently show that:

A)

most adolescents reject their parents and parental convictions.

B)

adolescent rebellion is usually directed at immediate forms of parental control over them.

C)

conflicts with parents are linked more to chronological age than to physical maturity.

D)

father-son conflict is more intense than mother-daughter conflict.

32.

Which of the following statements best reflects Wilson and Daly's view that "the young-male syndrome" can help to explain adolescent recklessness and violence?

A)

Risky acts are performed by adolescent males in order to gain status by proving their fearlessness and valor, because higher status is associated with more potential offspring.

B)

Risky acts are carried out by adolescent males so that they can set themselves apart from adults and increase their acceptance among peers.

C)

Adolescent males are highly motivated to enter the world of adults in any way that they can, including dangerous and violent behavior.

D)

Risky acts are caused by the adolescent myth of invulnerability, coupled with the adolescent tendencies to seek new sensations, both of which are stronger in adolescent males than in adolescent females.

33.

A young American man drives more recklessly when his friends are in the car with him than when he is alone. A young Efe man acts more aggressively if he is insulted in front of his friends than if he is insulted when they are not around. Such acts best support:

A)

Wilson and Daly's "the young-male syndrome."

B)

Harris's hypothesis that such acts are designed to set teenagers apart from adults.

C)

Moffitt's hypothesis that young people are motivated to enter the world of adults in any way that they can, including dangerous behavior and violent acts.

D)

Elkind and Arnett's ideas about the adolescent myth of invulnerability, the adolescent tendency to seek new sensations, and the heightened aggression of adolescence.

34.

When asked why people should obey the speed limit, Ivan replied "because we have a duty to abide by certain rules that are agreed upon by authorities for the public's protection." According to Lawrence Kohlberg, Ivan is at the ______ stage of moral reasoning.

A)

obedience and punishment orientation

B)

self-interested exchanges

C)

law-and-order morality

D)

human-rights and social-welfare morality

35.

Jackie and Roland are a married couple who both work out of the home and who share household duties. If they are typical of research results:

A)

they are both happier with their away-from-home work than with their at-home work.

B)

they are both happier with their at-home work than with their away-from-home work.

C)

Jackie is happier with her away-from-home work, while Roland is happier with his at-home work.

D)

Roland is happier with his away-from-home work, while Jackie is happier with her at-home work.

36.

Margaret is 73 years old. She tells an interviewer that she likes to spend most of her time with her husband, visiting her daughter and grandchildren when she can, playing bridge with the same friends she has played bridge with for 24 years, and working in her garden. This information fits best with the ______ theory of aging.

A)

socioemotional selectivity

B)

disengagement

C)

activity

D)

self-direction

1.

B

2.

B

3.

D

4.

B

5.

B

6.

D

7.

A

8.

B

9.

C

10.

D

11.

C

12.

B

13.

C

14.

A

15.

D

16.

B

17.

B

18.

A

19.

B

20.

B

21.

D

22.

D

23.

C

24.

B

25.

A

26.

B

27.

A

28.

C

29.

B

30.

B

31.

B

32.

A

33.

A

34.

C

35.

C

36.

A